Fact of the matter is, someone or something will need to "suffer" so that we can better understand how life works and how to heal ourselves. Should we abandon all research requiring testing on living beings? No. This would keep us from discovering new antibiotics, prevent advances in cancer treatment. We would be unable to advance human or veterinary medicine. By lack of action we would in fact cause more suffering. So the question becomes, what do we test things on? Or perhaps, what would suffer the least?
If the "humanity" of animals is up for discussion, then we'll need to start with some basic assumptions. For the sake of this argument I will choose to agree with the statements "all living beings are equal" and "all suffering is equal."
Let me imagine a situation: a child is sick with pneumonia. This disease has a variety of causes, bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites, physical trauma, but in this situation we will imagine that it is a bacterial infection. Some of the bacteria that can cause pneumonia are naturally found in the intestinal tract. We will assume that one of these has caused the infection. Pneumonia causes air sacs in the lungs to fill with fluid making it difficult or impossible to breathe. Typically oral antibiotics, bed rest, and lots of fluids will be enough to get rid of the infection.
It is safe to say that pneumonia will cause suffering. Breathing is necessary to life, and difficulty perfoming this function will cause distress and therefore suffering. We have a quandary: the child suffers because the bacteria is thriving, but to lessen suffering of the child we must kill living beings. Is the life of the child more important than the life of the bacteria? If not, then it is unethical to provide antibiotics to this child because doing so will kill bacteria (living beings) even though the child will benefit. If all living beings are equal, what course of action will we choose? Is death worse than suffering? If so, the death of the bacteria is then worse than the suffering of the child. If all life is equal than this is a valid conclusion.
What is the difference between a child and a single bacterium? Complexity, size, a number of other factors. A child will react to stimuli ("This plate is hot!") as will a bacterium ("This primordial soup is hot!"). However, a child can choose to ignore stimuli and has the ability to reason ("Mom said not to touch the expensive vase but I will.") while the bacterium does not. There is an inequality in the two organisms' ability to react to their surroundings. The bacterium is a less developed form of life than the child. A human contains billions of cells; a bacterium is singular.
Does the bacterium have the ability to feel pain? It has the ability to react to stimuli both positively and negatively. It will move from an area that is too warm and will eat when it finds food. Will a bacterium react to stimuli in a way as to remain alive for as long as possible? Yes, to the extent of its ability. A human behaves similarly, though humans will not always act in such a way as to promote life. Why would a person act in a way to shorten its life? What is the difference between a human and a single-celled organism to make them act in this way?
Now, to return to the main squeeze, is all life equal? Is the suffering of bacteria being killed by antibiotics equal to the suffering of a child with pneumonia? If we are to say no, their suffering is not equal, then one being must be greater than the other. It would follow that there is a natural heirarchy among living beings. Humans have the ability to reason, bacteria do not. Which is greater?
Emanuel Kant stated that "Our duties towards animals are merely indirect duties towards humanity. Animal nature has analogies to human nature, and by doing our duties to animals in respect of manifestations of human nature, we indirectly do our duty to humanity…. We can judge the heart of a man by his treatment of animals. (Regan and Singer, 1989: 23-24)
I do not argue for irresponsible treatment of animals, but for a course of action that will most benefit us all.
I absolutely agree with you. Everyone should be responsible for understanding what they are buying. Consumers should understand the human and animal repercussions when they buy
counterfeit goods as well as beauty products.